Gene studies confirm "out of Africa" theories

[Mackin]

Gene studies confirm "out of Africa" theories

By Maggie Fox, Health and Science Editor Wed Feb 20, 7:45 PM ET

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Two big genetic studies confirm theories that modern humans evolved in Africa and then migrated through Europe and Asia to reach the Pacific and Americas.
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The two studies also show that Africans have the most diverse DNA, and the fewest potentially harmful genetic mutations.

One of the studies shows European-Americans have more small mutations, while the others show Native Americans, Polynesians and others who populated Australia and Oceania have more big genetic changes.

The studies, published in the journal Nature on Wednesday, paint a picture of a population of humans migrating off the African continent, and then shrinking at some point because of unknown adversity.

Later populations grew and spread from this smaller genetic pool of founder ancestors -- a phenomenon known as a bottleneck.

Populations that remained in Africa kept their genetic diversity -- something seen in many other studies.

"The one thing that I think we cannot say from this study is that any one person's genome is any healthier or evolutionarily fit than another person's genome," said Carlos Bustamante of Cornell University in New York, who worked on one study.

"You have to think of this at the population level," Bustamante said in a telephone interview.

Bustamante's team has been looking at the DNA sequences of 15 African-Americans and 20 European-Americans, examining tiny one-letter changes in the DNA code called single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs (pronounced "snips").

FIT OR EXTINCT

They tested these changes to qualify them as benign, or potentially affecting genes, amino acids and eventually proteins in a way that could damage health or make people less "fit" -- in evolutionary terms, less likely to survive and reproduce.

"Like every other study ... the African-American panel as a whole showed more variation than the European-American panel," Bustamante said.

Then his team did a computer simulation of a bottleneck, and found it predicted this pattern.

Bustamante said it is possible some of the SNPs are beneficial, and he said his team and others should compare the genetic changes they found to known genetic changes linked with diseases.

"I wish we had done that (already)," he admitted.

In the other study, Noah Rosenberg and colleagues at the University of Michigan and the National Institute on Aging analyzed DNA from 485 people around the world.

They looked for three types of genetic variation, including SNPs and larger changes that involve duplications, deletions and repetitions of large segments of DNA.

The patterns they found produced what they call the highest-resolution map yet of human genetic variation.

They also reinforce the idea that humans originated in Africa, then spread into the Middle East, followed by Europe and Asia, the Pacific Islands and finally to the Americas.

"Diversity has been eroded through the migration process," Rosenberg said in a statement.

People of African descent are the most genetically diverse, followed by people from the Middle East, and then Asians and Europeans. Native Americans resemble one another the most on a DNA level.

The study also found it is sometimes possible to trace a person's ancestry to a small group within a geographic region.

(Editing by Cynthia Osterman)


..Lets Discuss!!!

[Don Jacob]

welcome to the 1970's

[Mackin]

^^whoa it's that old???..i mean surely this must be an advancement of that theory popularize in the 70s no??

[Don Jacob]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

[Mackin]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

[Nat Turner-reincarnated]

nice article.... the truth is slowly coming out whether people like it or not

[MarkCruz]

KEYWORDS DNA AND CONFIRM.

IT WAS A THEORY IN THE 70'S.
DON JACOB IS ALWAYS TALKING OUT OF HIS ASS.

<a href="http://www.youtube.com/v/2GlJSU6KecY&amp;autoplay=0" target="_blank" class="new_win">http://www.youtube.com/v/2GlJSU6KecY&amp;autoplay=0</a>

[Nat Turner-reincarnated]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

[MarkCruz]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

STFU YOU PIECE OF SHIT.

[Nat Turner-reincarnated]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

STFU YOU PIECE OF SHIT.

eye never came across so many childish immature corny ass muthafuckers before....... word is bond........

[Mackin]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

Is that the Magazine??
I know little about the Black Pharaohs...but as far as i can recall they were from the Nubanites[not sure if that term is correct]..or Nubians..which is modern day Sudan..well I think it's Northern Sudan..I know there is another race of Black Pharaohs can't recall what they are called..but I'll look out for that copy or view it online!
Props!

[Nat Turner-reincarnated]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

Is that the Magazine??
I know little about the Black Pharaohs...but as far as i can recall they were from the Nubanites[not sure if that term is correct]..or Nubians..which is modern day Sudan..well I think it's Northern Sudan..I know there is another race of Black Pharaohs can't recall what they are called..but I'll look out for that copy or view it online!
Props!

yeah the magazine one of my people was tellin me about it....... eye have yet to get one yet........

[Mackin]

^aiight well i just found a site where it details a few info on the Nubia Pharaohs..it's stated that they built a lot more pyramids than their Egyptian counterparts..gon research some more...
http://discovermagazine.com/2005/dec/nubia-black-pharaohs

[Joe Bonanno]

i like this song

[.:DaYg0sTyLz:.]

i dunno i guess. all i know is i've been hearing this shit since like 91' when i was in school having to read text books from the 70's and shit.  plus there's a thing , i think national geographic does it, where you get a q tip and swab your cheek and they trace your roots all the way back to 100 generations , which goes back to africa. my treacher said they've been doing that since the 80's.

Really??
whoa!!..I wonder how conclusive those test and experiments are..
Thanks i didn't know..I just came across this article and post it up here!
I'll check Nat Geo channel for more info..

Gracias!

also check out there newest edition magazine eye believe it talks about the Black pharaohs in Egypt.

STFU YOU PIECE OF SHIT.

word is bond........

word up son...word up money...keep it gully...